The therapeutic effects of Zingiber officinalis are well documented. By improving gastric motility and stimulating gastric emptying, ginger benefits people suffering from functional dyspepsia. (Hu ML, Rayner CK, Wu KL, Chuah SK, Tai WC, Chou YP, Chiu YC, Chiu KW, Hu TH. “Effect of ginger on gastric motility and symptoms of functional dyspepsia.” World J Gastroenterol. 2011 Jan 7;17(1):105-10). It could prevent gastric ulcers induced by prolonged intake of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as aspirin. By inhibiting overgrowth of the Helicobacter pylori bacteria in the gut, ginger prevents gastric ulcer. (Khushtar M, Kumar V, Javed K, Bhandari U. “Protective Effect of Ginger oil on Aspirin and Pylorus Ligation-Induced Gastric Ulcer model in Rats.” Indian J Pharm Sci. 2009 Sep;71(5):554-8). Ginger is a natural anti-flatulence. By relaxing the lower esophageal sphincter and by reducing the esophageal contraction velocity, it helps to expel intestinal gas. (Lohsiriwat S, Rukkiat M, Chaikomin R, Leelakusolvong S. “Effect of ginger on lower esophageal sphincter pressure.” J Med Assoc Thai. 2010 Mar;93(3):366-72). Ginger is widely recommended as a side effect free remedy for nausea and vomiting. It could prevent morning sickness and vomiting during early pregnancy. Studies suggest that therapy with ginger is more effective than vitamin B6 in reducing the number of vomiting episodes during pregnancy. (Ensiyeh J, Sakineh MA. “Comparing ginger and vitamin B6 for the treatment of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: a randomized controlled trial.” Midwifery. 2009 Dec;25(6):649-53). Ginger rhizome could also prevent acute delayed nausea induced by chemotherapy treatment in cancer patients. (Pillai AK, Sharma KK, Gupta YK, Bakshi S. “Anti-emetic effect of ginger powder verus placebo as an add-on therapy in children and young adults receiving high emetogenic chemotherapy.” Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2011 Feb;56(2):234-8). Ginger consumed before surgery helps to prevent postoperative nausea and vomiting. (Nanthakomon T, Pongrojpaw D. “The efficacy of ginger in prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting after major gynecologic surgery.” J Med Assoc Thai. 2006 Oct;89 Suppl 4:S130-6). Intake of ginger is associated with higher level of salivation. Saliva secretions improve digestion. The enzymes in saliva help to break down carbohydrates present in the food. (Chamani G, Zarei MR, Mehrabani M, Taghiabadi Y. “Evaluation of Effects of Zingiber officinale on Salivation in Rats.” Acta Med Iran. 2011 Jun;49(6):336-40).
In Ayurveda, Plumbago zeylanica is used for treating gastrointestinal problems and diarrhea. Studies suggest that it could prevent gastric and peptic ulcer by suppressing the activities of Helicobacter pylori bacteria. (Wang YC, Huang TL. “Anti-Helicobacter pylori activity of Plumbago zeylanica L.” FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 2005 Mar 1;42(3):407-12). The digestive enzymes produced by the pancreas aid digestion. The digestion process would be severely impaired by diseases of the pancreas. Pancreatic cancer, one of the most deadly forms of malignancy, might be prevented with Plumbago zeylanica. Plumbagin, a phytochemical present in the plant, could kill the pancreatic cancer cells and inhibit growth of cancer tumors in the pancreas. (Chen CA, Chang HH, Kao CY, Tsai TH, Chen YJ. “Plumbagin, isolated from Plumbago zeylanica, induces cell death through apoptosis in human pancreatic cancer cells.” Pancreatology. 2009;9(6):797-809).
Carica papaya fruit and its seeds are used in traditional medicine for treating diarrhea and dysentery. Papaya seeds could help to eliminate parasites from the intestine. (Okeniyi JA, Ogunlesi TA, Oyelami OA, Adeymei LA. “Effectiveness of dried Carica papaya seeds against human intestinal parasitosis: a pilot study.” J Med Food. 2007 Mar;10(1):194-6). The active phytochemicals in unripe Carcia papaya fruit helps to reduce gastric ulcer. (Ezike AC, Akah PA, Okoli CO, Ezeuchenne NA, Ezeugwu S. “Carica papaya (Paw-Paw) unripe fruit may be beneficial in ulcer.” J Med Food. 2009 Dec;12(6):1268-73). Papaya leaf extract could prevent gastric damage caused by alcohol intake. The antioxidant compounds in papaya effectively protect the gut from oxidative stress. (Indran M, Mahmood AA, Kuppusamy UR. “Protective effect of Carica papaya L leaf extract against alcohol induced acute gastric damage and blood oxidative stress in rats.” West Indian Med J. 2008 Sep;57(4):323-6). The proteolytic enzymes present in papaya latex help to ease protein digestion. (Zucker S, Buttle DJ, Nicklin MJ, Barrett AJ. “The proteolytic activities of chymopapain, papain and papaya proteinase III.” Biochim Biophys Acta. 1985 Apr 5;828(2):196-204). Hyperacidity could be treated with papaya. Studies suggest that papain present in the latex on unripe papaya fruit could reduce excess secretion of excess gastric acid. (Cho CH, Han PW. “Papain reduces gastric acid secretion induced by histamine and other secretagogues in anesthetized rats.” Proc Natl Counc Repub China B. 1984 Apr;8(2):177-81).
In Charaka Samhita, Piper longum is recommended for improving digestion. Studies suggest that it could inhibit gastric ulceration induced by H. pylorus infection, stress and intake of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. It prevents erosion of the epithelial lining of the gut and stimulates mucin secretion. (Agrawal AK, Rao CV, Sairam K, Joshi VK, Goel RK. “Effect of Piper longum Linn, Zingiber officianalis Linn and Ferula species on gastric ulceration and secretion in rats.” Indian J Exp Biol. 2000 Oct;38(10):994-8).
Cyperus rotundus possesses antibacterial and antioxidant properties. It could be used as a natural remedy for diarrhea. (Venkatasubramanian P, Kumar SK, Nair VS. “Cyperus rotundus, a substitute for Aconitum heterophyllum: Studies on the Ayruvedic concept of Abhava Pratinidhi Dravya (drug substitution).” J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2010 Jan;1(1):33-9).
Trachyspermum ammi could work against multiple drug resistant bacteria and fungi. (Khan R, Zakir M, Afaq SH, Latif A, Khan AU. “Activity of solvent extracts of Prosopis spicigera, Zingiber officinale and Trachyspermum ammi against multidrug resistant bacterial and fungal strains.” J Infect Dev Ctries. 2010 Jun 3;4(5):292-300). It might be useful in treating bacterial diarrhea.
The anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of Embelia ribes make it a suitable herbal agent for preventing ulcerative colitis. (Thippeswamy BS, Mahendran S, Biradar MI, Raj P, Srivastava K, Badami S, Veerapur VP. “Protective effect of enbelin against acetic acid induced ulcerative colitis.” Eur J Pharmacol. 2011 Mar 1;654(1):100-5). As an antibacterial herb, Embelia ribes could be used for treating enteric diseases caused by Salmonella bacteria strains. (Rani P, Khullar N. “Antimicrobial evaluation of some medicinal plants for their anti-enteric potential against multi-drug resistant Salmonella typhi.” Phytother Res. 2004 Aug;18(8):670-3). Embelia ribes also functions as a liver tonic. Embelic, the principal phytochemical in the plant prevents toxicity of the liver by elevating secretion of antioxidant enzymes. (Singh D, Singh R, Singh P, Gupta RS. “Effects of Embelin on Lipid Peroxidation and Free Radical Scavenging Activity against Liver Damage in Rats.” Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2009 May 26).
Mentha arvensis could inhibit growth of harmful bacteria in the gut. The antibacterial effect of mint leaves have been demonstrated in experimental studies. (Johnson M, Wesely E, Kavitha M, Uma V. “Antibacterial activity of leaves and inter-nodal callus extracts of Mentha arvensis L.” Asian Pac J Trop Med. 2011 Mar;4(3):196-200). Studies have revealed the anti-ulcerogenic effect of Mentha arvensis. It could prevent gastric ulcer induced by H. pylorus infection and painkillers such as ibuprofen. (Londonkar RL, Poddar PV. “Studies on activity of various extracts of Mentha arvensis Linn against drug induced gastric ulcer in mammals.” World J Gastrointest Oncol. 2009 Oct 15;1(1):82-8).
The antibacterial effect of cumin seeds might suppress growth and multiplication of harmful bacteria in the gut. (Iacolellis NS, Lo Cantore P, Capasso F, Senatore F. “Antibacterial activity of Cuminum cyminum L. and Carum carvi L. essential oils.” J Agric Food Chem. 2005 Jan 12;53(1):57-61).
Scientists have observed the anti-ulcerogneic activity of Ferula species. (Agrawal AK, Rao CV, Sairam K, Joshi VK, Goel RK. “Effect of Piper longum Linn, Zingiber officianalis and Ferula species on gastric ulceration and secretion in rats.” Indian J Exp Biol. 2000 Oct;38(10):994-8).
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